The digitalization of cultural heritage presents both opportunities and challenges. A new report by UN Special Rapporteur Alexandra Xanthaki highlights the need for a cultural rights-based approach to ensure inclusivity, fair access, and ethical management of digitalized heritage. (See here)
The report warns that decision-making power over what gets digitalized and how often rests with governments, private companies, and institutions rather than the communities to whom the heritage belongs. This exclusion risks reinforcing historical inequalities, where Indigenous and marginalized communities lose control over their own cultural narratives.
Another major concern is cultural misappropriation. Digital heritage can be commercially exploited without the consent or benefit of the source communities. Misuse of digitalized artifacts in commercial products, fashion, and NFTs raises ethical concerns. The report calls for clear guidelines to prevent exploitation and ensure intellectual property rights protect source communities.
The digital divide further complicates access to digitalized heritage. Many Indigenous and marginalized groups lack internet infrastructure, digital literacy, or resources to manage their own heritage. The report urges increased investment in digital access, multilingual representation, and training programs to empower communities in managing their cultural assets.
Artificial intelligence (AI) also plays a growing role in digitalization, but AI systems often reinforce Western biases. Automated curation and historical interpretations may distort or homogenize cultural heritage. The report stresses the need for community-led AI training and oversight to ensure respectful representation.
To address these challenges, the report calls for reforms in copyright laws, long-term digital preservation strategies, and stronger international legal frameworks to uphold cultural rights. Digitalization must be an inclusive, ethical process that respects the rights of all communities.
